INTRODUCTION:

Obesity is a complex syndrome with a multifactorial origin and may be explained by monogenic mutations, but in most cases it appears as a polygenic condition, which may beaffected by a myriad of environmental influences¹ . The associations between overweight and many diseases have been established. Body-fat distribution could possibly identify subjects with the highest risk of disturbed lipid profile and hypertension. Disturbed lipid profile has always been associated with cardiovascular diseases. Anthropometric measurements can easily reflect any changes in the lipid concentration in the human body² .

Anthropometric measurements can be used to assess body size and proportions as well as total body and regional body compositions. Measurements include body weight and height, circumferences, skinfold thickness. Anthropometric indices include body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and waist to hip ratio (WHR)³. These data are not always easy to interpret, but they are important to obtain because overweight youth are at increased risk for adverse health outcomes, including mortality, in later life.1 Prospective and retrospective studies have shown that risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) namely obesity, lipid profiles, unhealthy diets and sedentary lifestyle, have their roots in childhood and tend to track into adulthood ^4-7. Obesity is a worldwide health problem. It is associated with excessive fat accumulation in the body to the extent that health and wellbeing are adversely affected. With changing food habits and sedentary lifestyles, the prevalence of obesity has increased markedly in Western countries faster than the developing ones ⁸. It was reported that 30% of the population in the United States in 1995 were overweight. Obesity may increase the risk of many diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, gall bladder diseases and cardiovascular diseases⁹. Pattern of fat distribution is different among different people. In some people, fat is mainly stored in the stomach area while in others it is stored in the pelvic area. Pattern of fat distribution is effective in the progress of some diseases like non-insulin diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Estimation of fat inside the body is not a simple task; but, subcutaneous fat variations can be estimated from the ratio of subcutaneous fat (via measuring skin wrinkles) to the total fat mass in the body¹⁰ .Fat distribution in central areas of the body is independent from obesity degree and is measured through waist to hip ratio. It is the predictor of risks that endangers person’s health and expose the person in the risk of many diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and hyperlipidemia ^11-13.

Adolescents with high TC or LDL may have a genetic disorder of lipid metabolism such as familial hypercholesterolemia. Those with homozygous chromosomes forms can experience myocardial infarction or other events in early age. Familial hypercholesterolemia is often diagnosed in adolescence and is characterized by high LDL levels that can be refractory to dietary treatment¹⁴. Othercauses of dyslipidemia include: anabolic steroid use, anorexia nervosa, cigarette smoking, diabetes, glycogen storage diseases, hypothyroidism, liver disease and such medications like corticosteroids, anticonvulsants and certain oral contraceptives. Other causes like overweight and obesity, renal disease, therapeutic diet (ketogenic and high carbohydrate diet) and transplant (bone marrow, heart, kidney, or liver) may also cause dyslipidemia ¹⁵.

Recent recommendations stress that weight management includes optimizing LDL, HDL and TG levels. Increased physical activity, quitting smoking, follows up and monitoring are essential. Selective lipid screening is recommended when we have a strong family history or two or more CHD risk factors. Increased physical activity can also increase muscles bulk and improve tissue response to insulin without significant weight loss ^16,17. The aim of this study was to investigation of the relationship between anthropometric measurements and lipid profile among students of Zabeed Education Collage, Hudaiada University, Yemen.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Study Population:

This study was carried out on 220 students at Zabeed College students in Hudaidah University, Yemen. The study period was May 2014 to December 2014, 210 male and female students aged 18-31 years.

Sample Collection:

Venous blood sample (5-10 ml) was drawn into plain vacationer tubes from all study participants after at least 12 hours overnight fast of all of them. Let them to clot and centrifuged within 30 to 45 minutes of collection at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes. Serum was then separated and serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL Cholesterol were determined immediately after centrifugation. Samples were measured by Spectrophotometer (BTS330).

Sample Processing:

Glucose Assay

Glucose was measured enzymatically by Glucose oxidase (GOD-POD) method (Colorimetric kit supplied by Bio system Company)

Cholesterol Assay:

Cholesterol was measured enzymatically by Cholesterol oxidase, Cholesterol esterase and POD method (Colorimetric kit supplied by Bio system Company).

Triglycerides Assay:

Triglycerides was measured enzymatically by Lipase, Glycerol kinase, G3-P Oxidase and POD method (Colorimetric kit supplied by Bio system Company).

HDL Cholesterol Assay:

HDL Cholesterol was measured enzymatically by Cholesterol oxidase, Cholesterol esterase and POD method (Colorimetric kit supplied by Bio system Company).

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Assay:

The concentration of LDL Cholesterol Was calculated according to the following equation: Total Cholesterol Concentration- Triglycerides concentration/ 5- HDL Cholesterol concentration.

Anthropometric Measurements:

Anthropometric measurements included weight, height, waist circumference and hip circumference were measured after completing the questionnaire sheet.

Weight:

Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg in light clothing and standing barefoot using a well calibrated balance scale, which is a part of the body composition analyzer (Capacity, 125Kg-d, 1000g, China ).

Height:

Height was measured to the nearest 0.5 cm using a wooden meter fixed on the wall while the subject was standing relaxed, barefoot and heels together touching the wall. Waist and hip circumference (WC): were measured twice to the nearest 0.5 cm, with a flexible but non-elastic measuring tape. Waist circumference was measured at level of the natural waist (the narrowest part of the torso or one finger width below the umbilicus. Hip circumference was measured at the maximum circumference of the buttocks posteriorly and the syphilis pubis anteriorly, in a horizontal plane.

BMI:

BMI was calculated by dividing the body weight (in kilograms) by the height (in meters squared)

Blood Pressure:

Blood pressure was measured by automatic sphygmomanometer (model 89077 ulm, Germany) After placed cuff midway between shoulder and elbow at least 2-3cm above the elbow .The arrow of the arterial indicator was directly over the brachial artery ,then setup the automatic sphygmomanometer and wait until the result was appear ,the systolic pressure was the gauge reading at the first pulse and the diastolic pressure was the gauge reading at the last pulse.

RESULT:

Two hundred and twenty students were randomly selected for the study. In the table 1, age of study group ranged from 18 years to 31 years with mean value 22.42 ± 7.495 years. BMI of studied population ranged from 18.5 to 40 with mean value of 22.605 ± 4.4225. The WC was 30.499 ± 4.725. Mean value of blood pressure was 118 ± 15.141, 80.92 ± 12.135. Mean value of TC. LDL, HDL, and TG were 160.05 ± 31.893 mg/dl, 92.288 ± 28.7497, 47.550 ± 12.2552 and 120.18 ± 46.573, respectively.

Table 1. Age, Blood pressure, Fasting blood sugar, anthropometric measurements and lipid profile of studied subjects:

Characteristics	N	Mean	Std. Deviation
Age	210	22.42	7.495
BI. Pressure (systolic )	210	118	15.141
BI. Pressure( Diastolic)	210	80.92	12.135
Waist	210	30.499	4.725
Hip	210	36.62	4.63
BMI	210	22.605	4.4225
Fasting blood sugar	209	79.92	16.391
TAG	209	120.18	46.573
Total Cholesterol	209	160.05	31.893
HDL	209	47.550	12.2552
LDL	209	92.288	28.7497
Height	209	162.115	8.5196
Weight	210	59.390	12.7444

In the present study the mean value of TC did not differ significantly between groups except among obese students in whom it was significantly higher (179.78 ± 40.180 mmol/l; p=0.04) as shown in table 2.

Table2: TC in relation to BMI

BMI	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	F	Sig
<18.5 Under Weight	35	148.83	31.591	3.909	0.004
18.5-24.9 Normal Weight	124	158.85	29.888
25-29.9 Over weight	39	171.77	32.187
30-34.9 Obese	9	179.78	40.180
35-39.9 Sever obese	3	137.00	22.517
Total	210	160.17	31.860

Mean value of TG and LDL were higher significantly among obese study group (153.56 ± 38.872; p=0.02 ) and (101.333 ± 63.2166); p=0.018 as shown table3.

Table3: TG in relation to BMI

BMI	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	F	Sig
<18.5	35	107.37	34.859	4.290	0.002
18.5-24.9	124	115.42	40.659
25-29.9	39	139.64	64.913
30-34.9	9	153.56	38.872
35-39.9	3	96.33	29.704
Total	210	119.94	46.590

Table4: LDL in relation to BMI

BMI	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	F	Sig
<18.5	35	87.280	26.5538	0.524	0.018
18.5-24.9	124	92.236	27.4030
25-29.9	39	96.179	31.2286
30-34.9	9	94.111	33.4979
35-39.9	3	101.333	63.2166
Total	210	92.353	28.6964

In the present study found that the mean value of systolic diastolic blood pressure were highly significantly with p value were 0.015 and 0.001 respectively as shown in table4 and5.

Table5: systolic blood pressure in relation to BMI

BMI	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	F	Sig
<18.5	35	111.31	14.254	3.166	0.015
18.5-24.9	124	117.91	14.665
25-29.9	39	122.97	16.006
30-34.9	9	121	14.405
35-39.9	3	125.67	14.503
Total	210	118	15.141

Table6: Diastolic blood pressure in relation to BMI

BMI	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	F	Sig
<18.5	35	74.91	8.830	4.938	0.001
18.5-24.9	124	80.66	12.080
25-29.9	39	56.28	12.395
30-34.9	9	83	11.045
35-39.9	3	90	17.926
Total	210	80.92	12.135

Mean HDL and FBS did not differ significantly among different groups as shown in tables7 and 8.

Table7: HDL in relation to BMI

BMI	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	F	Sig
<18.5	35	48.629	9.9116	1.587	0.179
18.5-24.9	124	47.290	13.2012
25-29.9	39	46.231	9.1980
30-34.9	9	55.222	17.0791
35-39.9	3	37.667	3.0551
Total	210	47.519	12.2342

Table8: FBS in relation to BMI

BMI	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	F	Sig
<18.5	35	78.37	10.213	1.695	0.153
18.5-24.9	124	78.55	14.115
25-29.9	39	84.72	25.122
30-34.9	9	86.33	15.796
35-39.9	3	71.67	6.658
Total	210	79.90	16.355

In the present study found that there was a positive correlation between BMI and TC, TG, LDL, systolic and diastolic blood pressure whereas there was no correlation between BMI and HDLc, and FBS as shown in tables 2-8.

DISCUSSION:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between body mass index and lipid profile among student of Zabeed Education Collage. In the present study, the mean BMI among selected group was 22.605 ± 4.4225 kg/m2, the results reflect a high prevalence of normal weight students among the respondents. Similar study have done in Turkey which found that 33.4% of women are underweight and 18.8% overweight¹⁸. Moreover study done among Turkish children, 12% were underweight and the prevalence was higher among boys¹⁹.

The present study showed that normal weight was more prevalent among selected group. Comparing the findings of the present study with the data recorded in developed countries, the prevalence of both overweight and obesity among Turkish young was found to be lower, that is, approximately 9.9% versus a range between 15.0 and 36.0% for other European countries and the USA^20,21. Comparing our results with those of previous studies conducted in Turkey, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be higher in the current population^22,23.

The results demonstrated significant relation of BMI with TC, TG, and LDL levels in these students. Our results were in agreement with Al-Ajlan study among Saudi people 24 .This may be due to subjects characterization, in Al-Ajlan study, the subjects were men students in college aged 18-31 years and most of them are young (mean age 20.2±2.9) and he included the underweight subjects. Moreover study has done on 1569 Tunisian school children which found that obese children have higher plasma triglyceride levels and lower HDL-C than children of normal weight²⁵. In a study in Taiwan on 1366 school children, obesechildren had higher TG and lower HDL-C than normal weight children²⁶.

In this study shown significant relation of BMI with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Similar study has done by Abubaker et al who reported that, there were significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure according BMI groups²⁷. In the present study, shown that BMI has not correlated with HDL and FBS levels. BMI has been widely used as an indicator of total adiposity; its limitations are clearly recognized by its dependence on race (Asians having large percentages of body fat at low BMI values), and age. Our results show that obesity was associated with lower HDL-C levels in men. These relations are similar to those described in previous studies^28-30. Some studies have shown a positive association between LDL-C and measures of adiposity^31-33, whereas other studies have failed to detect such a relationship^34-36. Another study indicated that LDL-C increased with greater abdominal circumference among younger subjects lower than 50 years³⁷. According to results of this study, it is recommended to measure serum lipid profile in obese and overweight students

CONCLUSION:

This work has been used to measure BMI and serum lipid in Zabeed Education College students the result obtained therefore revealed:

1-A significantly higher mean values TG in selected group.

2-A significantly higher mean value of LDL was obtained in selected group of student students.

3-A significantly higher mean value of TC, among selected group.

4-There were no a significant correlation in HDL and FBS among students.

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Received on 11.02.2015 Accepted on 10.03.2015

Asian J. Pharm. Ana. 5(1): Jan.- March 2015; Page 31-35

DOI: 10.5958/2231-5675.2015.00006.X

Mawhoob N. Alkadasi1*, Abdulsalam Mohammed Alshami2, H.Y. Alhabal3

Mawhoob N. Alkadasi¹*, Abdulsalam Mohammed Alshami², H.Y. Alhabal³