INTRODUCTION:

Water is an important asset of ecology, since life without water is impossible. Scarcity and lack of pure drinking water in the ecology will create disorder leading to ecological imbalance. Water is the most essential commodity for human consumption without it no life can exist. Pure drinking water resources are dwindling due to deforestation, mining and industrialization. Approximately 71% of the earth surface is covered with water, mainly in the form of oceans. Around 2% of the water is present in glacier and ice caps. The actual fresh water is available for human consumption is around 1% of the total earth water. Ground and surface water used by man are of different characteristics. Ground water contains dissolved minerals from the soil layers through which it passes. Surface water contains a lot of organic matter and mineral nutrients^1-3. Domestic waste includes human excreta, paper cloths, soap and detergents etc. these are the major part of water pollutants.

Uncontrolled dumping of wastes of rural areas, towns and cities into the ponds, lake and stream of rivers, is being observed. Due to accumulation of sewage and other wastes into the water resources this is no longer remain recyclable; as a result their self regulatory capability is lost. The decomposition of these wastes is largely on aerobic process which in turn takes up more and more oxygen from water rendering it low oxygen content. Drinking water quality is a matter of concern, as it is related to human health and drinking water resources have been contaminated directly or indirectly by pollutants released from various sources in atmosphere^4-6.

Study Area:

NTPC has set up a Super Thermal Power Project by use the super critical boiler technology at Sipat, near Bilaspur city. Sipat is located at Bilaspur-Baloda road and Bilaspur-Korba Railway track. It is 20 K.M. away from Bilaspur district head quarters in North direction. It is situated between 22⁰7'42" N to 82⁰17' 40" E. This area is belonging to Masturi-Block and its attachment area contains 174 villages. Total area is 1603 Hect, and population had recorded 3086 according to 2001 census. The population density is 185 persons per sq. k.m. The study area is surrounded by small hills and mild forest in which Saguon,

U.K. Lyptus, Bumbusa, Palash etc. are occurs. The topographically height of the area is 360.63 Meter from means sea level and average temperature 45⁰C and average rain fall 1220 mm, geologically study field is high grade area and metamorphic of archean age, red stone and found in 6-10 feet single crops are cultivated over this are National Thermal Power Corporation is major industrial unit, which is running since 2008.

There are four power plants producing 2900 Mega Watt unit is under processing. The main input of this power generation plant is coal and water, the coal is furnished from Gewra and Dipka coal-mines by train track waste products such as coal ash dumping underground 5 K.M. away from plant unit. Small, scale industries like steel plant and rice mills are also conducting in this region. Due to unscientifically and in discriminated, dumping of solid and liquid waste. The different systems of environment such as Air, Water and Soil becoming continuously contaminated and day to day unfit for domestic industrial and agricultural purpose. Hence we have undertaken to analyze water in reference of physicochemical parameters.

MATERIAL AND METHOD:

In our study, we have selected ten sampling spot which were named as SW₁–Nargoda- pond water, SW₂– Seepat- well water, SW₃ – Janji- Pond Water, SW₄ – Rank- Bore well Water, SW₅ – Ralia- tube well water, SW₆ – Gudi- Pond Water, SW₇ – N.T.P.C. Reservoir – pond water , SW₈ – Kaudia- Borwell Water, SW₉ – Sukhripali- Rakhad Dam Water, SW₁₀ – Darrabhatha- Bore well water. Water samples from these study area, selected surface and underground water bodies were collected and analyses were carried out by the standard protocol^7-20. Water samples were collected in 2 lit. Polyethylene jerry canes previously soaked with 8M HNO₃and clean with detergent followed by rinsing with double distilled water. The collected water samples were preserved in ice cooled chamber and kept in dark room^7,16,17. Double distilled water was always used in the analysis and in all the solution preparation. All the chemicals used in the investigation were of analytical grade procured from E marks, Germany and Qualigens, Mumbai India of high purity. All the glassware are of graduated, calibrated and of carrying grade, manufacture by Borosil, India.

The following parameters were analyzed using standard procedures; Temperature, p^H, E.C, T.S, TDS, TSS, Alkalinity, D.O, BOD, COD, F⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, Fe, NO₃⁻ etc. The Temperature, p^H, EC, DO, TDS, Salinity etc. were monitored instantly on the water sample spot while the others were analyzed in the laboratory of pollution Control Board, Bilaspur, C.G. The results are tabulated in the table 1. Temperature, p^H, E.C, Salinity, TDS and D.O were measured With Electronic India made nine parameter analyzer kit (Model No.172). Total hardness was determined by complexometric titration with standard EDTA as titrant in the presence of EBT indicator. TS was determined by gravimetrically while TSS was determined by subtracting TS and TDS. BOD was determined by incubation method and COD was determined by reflux method. Cl⁻ was determined by AgNO₃ titration method using K₂Cr₂O₇ as indicator (Vogel and Bassett, 1978). F⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻ and Fe were determined by spectrophotometrically (HACH DR/2010, UK).

Table 1: Water quality at NTPC Seepat and its surrounding areas

Parameter/ sampling spot	SW₁	SW₂	SW₃	SW₄	SW₅	SW₆	SW₇	SW₈	SW₉	SW₁₀	IS: 10500 Limits
Temperature	29.2	27	26	25.5	29	25.3	29	29.7	29.5	30.2
P^H	7.17	8.18	7.37	7.92	9.23	7.3	8.51	7.9	8.57	7.58	6.5-8.5
Conductivity	735	707	865	1089	969	1757	1601	1938	1662	1229	750
TS	2102	1951	1887	1561	2020	2261	1751	2101	1991	1861	500-2000
TDS	1781	1671	1771	1405	1705	2051	1650	1758	1801	1661	500-2000
TSS	321	280	116	156	315	210	101	343	190	200	20-50
Alkalinity	251	301	451	668	660	881	402	358	361	421	200-600
Total Hardness	501	437	477	501	448	768	517	491	499	616	300-600
D.O	12.5	10	3.7	8.7	3.5	7.7	4.3	7.5	5.6	5.6	5
B.O.D	4.1	5.2	4.3	6.2	7.8	9.1	7.8	8.1	6.2	5.54	5
C.O.D	7.8	9.1	10.2	7.7	11	13.07	11.8	7.9	8.5	10.7	10
Cl⁻	361	441	550	557	521	1050	1002	998	886	807	250-1000
F⁻	1.3	1.2	1.19	1.25	1.11	1.32	1.31	1.29	1.19	0.99	1-1.2
SO₄²⁻	201	451	449	448	451	491	421	387	336	291	200-400
NO₃⁻	41.2	56.7	50.6	46.8	49.3	63.1	54.7	48.4	77.6	42.5	45
Fe	1.29	0.98	1.22	1.39	1.11	1.2	0.96	2.1	1.33	1.19	0.1-1.0

SW₁–Nargoda- pond water, SW₂– Seepat- well water, SW₃ – Janji- Pond Water, SW₄ – Rank- Bore well Water, SW₅ – Ralia- tube well water, SW₆ – Gudi- Pond Water, SW₇ – N.T.P.C. Reservoir – pond water , SW₈ – Kaudia- Borwell Water, SW₉ – Sukhripali- Rakhad Dam Water, SW₁₀ – Darrabhatha- Bore well water.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

In our investigation we have analyzed some physiochemical properties of different sampling spot around NTPC, Seepat (SW₁ – SW₁₀). After experiment the data were obtained which has compared with the desirable and permissible limit as per IS: 10500 and WHO.

Temperature: The standard temperature for the portable water is 7^o C to 11^oC. In our study the temperature range was obtained from 25.3^oC to 30.2^oC as the minimum and maximum from spot SW₆ and SW₁₀ respectively. This temperature was 3-4 times greater than standard temperature.

pH: The standard p^H of the drinking water is 6.5 to 8.5 on per different water monitoring agencies. In our investigation the result were obtained from 7.17 to 9.23. The high p^H 9.23 was showed from the sampling spot SW₅. The reason may be discharged of industrial wastes containing high quality of OH^– and HCO₃^–ion.

EC: The values were recorded from 707μS to 1938 μS as low and high value on the sampling spot SW₂ and SW₈. This low and higher value indicates the amount of dissolved ion in different water source.

TDS: It was measured 1405 mg/L as minimum while 2051 mg/L as the maximum value from sampling spot SW₄ and SW₆respectively. The maximum value was above the desirable limit.

TS: The high value was reported above the desirable limit on the sampling spot SW₆, 2261 mg/L and low value was reported on the sampling spot on SW₄, 1561 mg/L. This maximum value indicates an industrial effluent has discharge before treatment in the different water system.

TSS: The minimum value, 101 mg/L was reported on spot SW₇while maximum value was 343 mg/L on SW₈.

Alkalinity: 251 mg/L was reported as the minimum value was from spot SW₁ and sampling spot SW₆ showed maximum value 881 mg/L. Both maximum and minimum value was above the permissible limit 200 mg/L as per the IS: 10500. The higher alkalinity is due to the presence of higher amount of OH^–ion.

Total Hardness: The low and high value of TH was reported on SW₂and SW₆: 437 mg/L and 768 mg/L respectively. The high value may cause the presence of Ca²⁺, Fe²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^–, SO₄²^– ions.

D.O: The minimum value was showed 3.5 mg/L from spot SW₅ and 12.5 mg/L as the high value from the spot SW₁. All the sampling spot mentioned, above the desirable and permissible limit, 5 mg/L as per the IS: 10500; except SW₃, SW₅ and SW₇. The high values of D.O indicate the aquatic environment is fit for the aquatic animal.

BOD: This parameter was showed 4.1 mg/L as low and 9.1 mg/L as the high value on sampling spot SW₁and SW₆ respectively. The higher value of BOD showed above the permissible limit, 5 mg/L as per the IS: 10500.

COD: The minimum value was obtained 7.7 mg/L on the spot SW₄and the maximum value was obtained 13.07 on SW₆ which is above the permissible limit as per the IS: 10500.

Cl⁻: It was measured by argentometric titration method, 361 mg/L as the low value and 1050 mg/L as the high value was reported from the sampling spot SW₁and SW₆respectively.

F⁻ : It was measured by spectrophotometrically at 570 nm by preparing and comparing with standard curve. The result of this parameter was obtained under desirable limit 0.99mg/L (on sampling spot SW₁₀) to 1.32 mg/L (on sampling spot SW₆).

SO₄^{2− :} It was detected by spectrophotometrically at 420 nm by preparing and comparing with standard curve. 491 mg/L was noted down as maximum amount on sampling spot SW₆while 201 mg/L minimum value on sampling spot SW₁.

NO₃⁻ : It was measured spectrophotometrically at 410 nm by preparing and comparing with standard curve. 41.2 mg/L was noted down as minimum value while 77.6 mg/L as maximum value on sampling spot SW₁ and SW₉ respectively.

Fe : It was detected by spectrophotometrically at 510 nm by preparing and comparing with standard curve. Its value was obtained above the desirable limit. The maximum value was reported 2.1 mg/L on sampling spot SW₈while minimum value was reported 0.96 mg/L on sampling spot SW₇. The higher value was due to contamination of industrial effluents.

CONCLUSION:

The value of some physicochemical properties (Temperature, P^H, TSS, Alkalinity, Total hardness, DO, BOD, Cl⁻, F⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, Fe etc.) in the study of surface and underground waters is higher than the recommended limit is an indication of pollution hazards. Both surface water and underground water bodies are polluted with the contamination of commercial effluents which may hampered public health.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are grateful to Mr. S. K Verma, Junior Scientist and Mr. C. B. Patel, Regional officer, Pollution Control Board, Bilaspur for their kind help and providing research facilities to carry out the research work.

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Received on 09.06.2013 Accepted on 15.07.2013

Asian J. Pharm. Ana. 3(3): July-Sept. 2013; Page 79-82